| CV (pdf) Collaborators: Dan Steingart Alan West Scott Calabrese Barton Scott Banta Ian Wheeldon and me on BhTV |
JOSHUA
GALLAWAY |
| Joshua W. Gallaway Research Associate phone: (212) 650-5063 fax: (212) 650-6660 email: josh@energy.cuny.edu The City College of New York The Energy Institute Department of Chemical Engineering 160 Convent Ave, ST-314 New York, NY 10031 |
 With an osmium bead. Photo: Sarah Brown |
Ph.D. 2007, Columbia University, Chemical Engineering; M.S. 2004
B.S.E. 1997, Case Western Reserve University, Chemical Engineering
Research Interests:
My research interests focus on the electrochemistry of power sources such as batteries and fuel cells.
Batteries span several orders of magnitude both in size and power output. For large scale, high power density energy storage (meant to work in conjunction with alternative energy sources such as solar), my colleagues and I are focusing on zinc as an anode material. For micro-power sources, I am interested in the use of biological enzyme catalysts. I often incorporate microfluidic analytical techniques into electrochemical studies.
Zinc For Energy Storage
The increased use of alternative energy (e.g. wind, solar) paired with large storage batteries will require a high-performance, reliable, and safe battery technology. Zinc is an ideal basis material for such a system. Zinc is largely produced in emerging energy markets (China) and in countries closely allied with the USA (Australia, Canada). It is the most electronegative metal that can be readily deposited from aqueous media, resulting in high cell potentials and eliminating any need for organic electrolytes, which are a safety concern with lithium batteries. In addition, zinc is non-toxic and inexpensive, giving a theoretical energy storage cost of $0.005/Whr at its current value (as opposed to ~$1/Whr for Li).
The increased use of alternative energy (e.g. wind, solar) paired with large storage batteries will require a high-performance, reliable, and safe battery technology. Zinc is an ideal basis material for such a system. Zinc is largely produced in emerging energy markets (China) and in countries closely allied with the USA (Australia, Canada). It is the most electronegative metal that can be readily deposited from aqueous media, resulting in high cell potentials and eliminating any need for organic electrolytes, which are a safety concern with lithium batteries. In addition, zinc is non-toxic and inexpensive, giving a theoretical energy storage cost of $0.005/Whr at its current value (as opposed to ~$1/Whr for Li).
Enzymes As Practical Energy Catalysts
Harnessing the catalytic capability of enzymes holds tremendous scientific and technological promise. Serving as the chief catalysts of biological systems, enzymes enable thousands of reactions to occur at mild, physiological conditions. For industrial and commercial applications, mankind has generally relied on precious metal catalysts (such as platinum), which require harsh conditions, elevated temperatures, and are non-specific, catalyzing many reactions without discrimination. For energy applications, such as fuel cells, this non-specificity is a major hindrance, increasing complexity and cost. Enzymes are obtained from chromatography following the lysis of cells, and may be produced on a mass scale from bacteria or fungi. This is in contrast to platinum, a standard fuel cell catalyst, which does not respond to economies of scale and will rise in price with increased applications.
Harnessing the catalytic capability of enzymes holds tremendous scientific and technological promise. Serving as the chief catalysts of biological systems, enzymes enable thousands of reactions to occur at mild, physiological conditions. For industrial and commercial applications, mankind has generally relied on precious metal catalysts (such as platinum), which require harsh conditions, elevated temperatures, and are non-specific, catalyzing many reactions without discrimination. For energy applications, such as fuel cells, this non-specificity is a major hindrance, increasing complexity and cost. Enzymes are obtained from chromatography following the lysis of cells, and may be produced on a mass scale from bacteria or fungi. This is in contrast to platinum, a standard fuel cell catalyst, which does not respond to economies of scale and will rise in price with increased applications.
Microfluidic Electrochemistry
Micron scale electrodes in the flow of a microfluidic channel enable an advantage over traditional experimental setups, such as the rotating disk electrode, one of the most common tools in modern electrochemistry. Microfluidics enable experiments using extremely small volumes of liquid, and full control of mass transport (via flow rate). By rapidly transitioning between analyte solutions, changes in the electrolyte composition can be studied with high resolution (< 1s), a previously intractable problem. The use of microfluidics in electrochemistry is only beginning to be explored, and promises not only to reduce sizes, but also to enhance accessible current and time scales by combining controlled hydrodynamics with the advantages of microelectrodes.
Micron scale electrodes in the flow of a microfluidic channel enable an advantage over traditional experimental setups, such as the rotating disk electrode, one of the most common tools in modern electrochemistry. Microfluidics enable experiments using extremely small volumes of liquid, and full control of mass transport (via flow rate). By rapidly transitioning between analyte solutions, changes in the electrolyte composition can be studied with high resolution (< 1s), a previously intractable problem. The use of microfluidics in electrochemistry is only beginning to be explored, and promises not only to reduce sizes, but also to enhance accessible current and time scales by combining controlled hydrodynamics with the advantages of microelectrodes.
Selected Publications:
von Gutfeld, R.J., Gallaway, J.W., and West, A.C. (2009) “In Situ Immersion Plating of Copper and Nickel on Aluminum Using Laser Pulses for Oxide Removal” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156(12) D564-D569.
Gallaway, J.W. and West, A.C. (2009) “The Effect of Acid on Superconformal Filling in 100 nm Trenches” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 27(5), 2200-2205.
Gallaway, J.W., Willey, M.J., and West, A.C. (2009) “Copper Filling of 100 nm Trenches using PEG, PPG, and a Triblock Copolymer as Plating Suppressors” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156 (8) D287-D295.
Hudak, N.S., Gallaway, J.W., and Calabrese Barton, S.A. (2009) “Formation of Mediated Biocatalytic Cathodes by Electrodeposition of a Redox Polymer and Laccase” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 629, 57-62.
Gallaway, J.W., Willey, M.J., and West, A.C. (2009) “Acceleration Kinetics of PEG, PPG, and a Triblock Copolymer by SPS during Copper Electroplating” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156(4) D146-D154.
Gallaway, J.W. and Calabrese Barton, S.A. (2009) “Effect of Redox Polymer Synthesis on a Mediated Enzyme Oxygen Cathode” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 626, 149-155.
Hudak, N.S., Gallaway, J.W., and Calabrese Barton, S.A. (2009) “Mediated Biocatalytic Cathodes Operating on Gas-Phase Air and Oxygen in Fuel Cells” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156 (1), B9-B15.
Wheeldon, I.R., Gallaway, J.W., Calabrese Barton, S.A., and Banta, S.A. (2008) “Electron-Conducting Hydrogels from Bifunctional Metallo-Polypeptides” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (40), 15275-15280.
Gallaway, J.W. and West, A.C. (2008) “PEG, PPG, and Their Triblock Copolymers as Suppressors in Copper Electroplating” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 155 (10), D632-D639.
Gallaway, J.W. and Calabrese Barton, S.A. (2008) “Kinetics of Redox Polymer-Mediated Enzyme Electrodes” Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, 8527-8536.
Gallaway, J.W., Wheeldon, I.R., Rincon, R., Atanassov, P., Banta, S.A., and Calabrese Barton, S.A. (2008) “Oxygen-Reducing Enzyme Cathodes Produced from SLAC, a Small Laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 23, 1229-1235.
Calabrese Barton, S.A., Deng, W., Gallaway, J.W., Levendovsky, S., Olson, T.S., Atanassov, P., Sorkin, M., Kaufman, A., and Gibbard, H.F. (2006) “Mixed-Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Materials and Design Solutions” ECS Transactions 1(6), 315-322.
Calabrese Barton, S.A., Gallaway, J.W., and Atanassov, P. (2004) “Enzymatic Fuel Cells for Implantable and Microscale Devices” Chemical Reviews 104, 4867-4886.